«Один из основных законов палеонтологии состоит в том, что породы животных тем геологически долговечнее, чем строение их проще, т. е. чем ниже стоят они на зоологической лестнице. Напротив, организмы сложные, требующие для своего существования на земле особенно выгодных и часто разнородных условий, обыкновенно живут не подолгу, а, быстро развившись в данную геологическую эпоху, столь же быстро исчезают в последующую…»

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Михаил Венюков
О вырождении рода человеческого

Один из основных законов палеонтологии состоит в том, что породы животных тем геологически долговечнее, чем строение их проще, т. е. чем ниже стоят они на зоологической лестнице. Напротив, организмы сложные, требующие для своего существования на земле особенно выгодных и часто разнородных условий, обыкновенно живут не подолгу, а, быстро развившись в данную геологическую эпоху, столь же быстро исчезают в последующую. Большие ящерицы и другие гады юрской формации служат классическим примером этих недолго живших существ, и геологическая недолговечность их выступает особенно ярко, когда мы сравниваем с ними, наприм., брюхоногого слизняка Pleurotomazia, который жил не только в юрскую эпоху, но и в период самых древних, первичных осадков, а в наше время найден живущим в Антильском море. Возьмем другой пример – больших млекопитающихся животных: палеотерия, анаплотерия, ксифодона, милодона, динотерия, мегатерия; они не старее третичной эпохи и все уже исчезли с земной поверхности, тогда как мелкие нуммулиты, столь же, как они, отличительные для третичных пластов, не только живут доселе, но жили и в глубокой геологической древности, хотя отличались несколько от третичных мелкими подробностями анатомического устройства и меньшею численностью. В третичный же и современный (послеледниковый) геологические периоды можно найти множество млекопитающихся и птиц, которые исчезли, так сказать, на людской памяти: европейские пещерные медведь и гиена, большие олени, новозеландские динорнисы, мадагаскарские дронты и пр. При этом многие из таких выродившихся животных были снабжены, по-видимому, всеми средствами, нужными для успеха в борьбе за существование: большим ростом, сильными челюстями или когтями, прочным наружным покровом (наприм., мамонты) и проч. Жизнь какого-нибудь Machairodus'а, близкого родича львов и тигров, быстро угасла, несмотря на сильное тело и страшные зубы этого зверя; а бессильные иглокожие животные, морские лилии, криноиды, обитавшие в девонских морях, живут и поныне. Глобигерины, из остатков которых слагались толщи меловой формации, образуют подобные же скопления и на дне современного Атлантического океана, а киты и тюлени все более и более становятся редкими. Морская корова, описанная еще в первой половине XVIII века Штеллером, исчезла совсем.

Подобных примеров можно привести множество из истории длинного ряда организмов отживших, ископаемых, которых численность превосходит уже 32,000 пород и растет с каждым днем. Они, естественно, наводят на вопрос: какова же вероятная будущность антропоидов и в частности вида homo sapiens, который в настоящую геологическую эпоху составляет высшую животную форму на нашей планете? Лет шестьдесят тому назад, под влиянием авторитета Кювье, подобный вопрос считался неприличным, стоявшим вне науки и достойным одних дилетантов – скептиков, наследовавших «поверхностные» идеи энциклопедистов. Но в наше время он очень обыкновенен и никого не смущает, кроме некоторых отсталых наследников Бёклэнда и Вагнера. Сам Катрфаж, который выделяет вид homo sapiens в особое, четвертое, царство природы, не посмеет ныне отрицать научности вопроса о том, должен ли выродиться человек, или только переродиться, улучшиться, оставаясь всегда самим собою, т. е. «двуногим без перьев», по определению древних, и «царем природы», по Бюффону и поэтам-философам нового времени? От Гёксли же, Фохта, Гекеля и других дарвинистов мы не услышим и этого вопроса; ибо для них нет причин сомневаться, что общие законы естества применимы и к животному homo, как бы он ни был sapiens. Для убеждения в справедливости этой теории им достаточно указать на недавно совершившееся исчезновение с лица земли тасманцев и быстро происходящее вырождение австралийцев, новозеландцев и многих полярных племен, а особенно на вымирание краснокожих Нового Света, еще в XVI веке столь многочисленных.

Михаил ВенюковО вырождении рода человеческого

Михаил Венюков
О вырождении рода человеческого